California Press, 2009).Īraiza, I., Meyer, M. in Ardipithecus kadabba : Late Miocene Evidence From The Middle Awash, Ethiopia (eds Haile-Selassie, Y. The role of the calcar femorale in stress distribution in the proximal femur. Palaeoanthropological discoveries in the middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. Earliest known hominin calcar femorale in Orrorin tugenensis provides further internal anatomical evidence for origin of human bipedal locomotion. Kuperavage, A., Pokrajac, D., Chavanaves, S. The evolution of body size and shape in the human career. The great divides: Ardipithecus ramidus reveals the postcrania of our last common ancestors with African apes. Femur length, body mass, and stature estimates of Orrorin tugenensis, a 6 Ma hominid from Kenya. Ontogeny and Adaptation: A Cross-Sectional Study of Primate Limb Elements. Lower limb articular scaling and body mass estimation in Pliocene and Pleistocene hominins. Body mass estimates of hominin fossils and the evolution of human body size. Predicting long bone loading from cross‐sectional geometry. Functional significance of genetic variation underlying limb bone diaphyseal structure. Caractérisation de l'endostructure et des propriétés biomécaniques de la diaphyse fémorale: la signature de la bipédie et la reconstruction des paléo-répertoires posturaux et locomoteurs des hominines (Paris, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 2011). External and internal morphology of the BAR 1002′00 Orrorin tugenensis femur. The functionally-related signatures characterizing the endostructural organisation of the femoral shaft in modern humans and chimpanzee. A definitional system for the classification of primate locomotion. The pelvis and femur of Ardipithecus ramidus: the emergence of upright walking. PhD thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (2016). Unravelling the Positional Behaviour of Fossil Hominoids Morphofunctional and Structural Analysis of the Primate Hindlimb. A new Miocene ape and locomotion in the ancestor of great apes and humans. Biomechanics of the hip and birth in early Homo. The long limb bones of the StW 573 Australopithecus skeleton from Sterkfontein Member 2: descriptions and proportions. Geology and palaeontology of the Upper Miocene Toros-Menalla hominid locality, Chad. New material of the earliest hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad. Cosmogenic nuclide dating of Sahelanthropus tchadensis and Australopithecus bahrelghazali: Mio-Pliocene hominids from Chad. Virtual cranial reconstruction of Sahelanthropus tchadensis. A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa. Orrorin tugenensis femoral morphology and the evolution of hominin bipedalism. The femur of Orrorin tugenensis exhibits morphometric affinities with both Miocene apes and later hominins. Bipedalism in Orrorin tugenensis revealed by its femora. First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino formation, Kenya). Taken together, these findings suggest that hominins were already bipeds at around 7 Ma but also suggest that arboreal clambering was probably a significant part of their locomotor repertoire. The morphology of the femur is most parsimonious with habitual bipedality, and the ulnae preserve evidence of substantial arboreal behaviour. The original material was discovered at locality TM 266 of the Toros-Ménalla fossiliferous area and consists of one left femur and two, right and left, ulnae. tchadensis, with new insights into bipedalism at the early stage of hominin evolutionary history. Here we present postcranial evidence of the locomotor behaviour of S. Bipedality of Sahelanthropus tchadensis was hitherto inferred about 7 Ma in central Africa (Chad) based on cranial evidence 5, 6, 7. Evidence of bipedalism is known from postcranial remains of late Miocene hominins as early as 6 million years ago (Ma) in eastern Africa 1, 2, 3, 4. Bipedal locomotion is one of the key adaptations that define the hominin clade.

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